Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Conduct of Multi-Domain Operations

Objectives The purpose of this article is to critically examine the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in supporting the planning, coordination, and execution of multi-domain operations. It considers the applicability of systemic and functional approaches and qualitative methods to the analysis of AI-enabled military capabilities. Material and methods A critical review of literature, doctrinal and conceptual documents, institutional materials and selected case studies was conducted. Results The reviewed evidence indicates that AI can support operational planning, information processing, decision support and selected forms of coordination across land, air, sea, space and cyberspace. At the same time, the evidence varies in maturity: some applications are conceptual or experimental, whereas others represent more established operational capabilities. Conclusions The study employed qualitative research methods, including a critical literature review, analysis of doctrinal and conceptual documents, institutional and policy materials and selected case studies of AI-related military applications. Sources were selected purposively according to their relevance to AI-enabled planning, command, control, information processing, autonomous, unmanned systems, interoperability, cybersecurity and legal or governance questions. Priority was given to peer-reviewed academic publications, official governmental and international-organization documents, recognized research institutions and documented military or industrial cases.