Multi‐year and multi‐trait evaluation of hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) genotypes using AMMI, GGE, WAASB, and MGIDI

Abstract In hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.), yield and agronomic performance are influenced by genotype and year‐to‐year environmental variation. This study evaluated the performance, stability, and multi‐trait superiority of 16 hemp genotypes over four consecutive growing seasons (2022–2025) using additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI), genotype plus genotype × year interaction (GGE) biplot, WAASB, and multi‐trait genotype–ideotype distance index (MGIDI) analyses. AMMI analysis of variance revealed that genotype and genotype × year effects were statistically significant for all agronomic traits examined, whereas the year effect was significant for all traits except stem diameter ( p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). AMMI, WAASB, and GGE analyses showed that some genotypes with high mean performance could vary across years, whereas YB‐NRS‐P and YB‐MSR‐P combined high performance with between‐year stability, while Vezir and YB‐EMİN‐P exhibited favorable profiles in terms of performance and between‐year stability for different traits. MGIDI analysis identified YB‐MALT‐P, YB‐MSR‐P, YB‐NRS‐P, YB‐MLT‐P, and YB‐EMN‐P as the genotypes closest to the desired multi‐trait ideotype. Overall, these findings contribute to the identification of potential genetic materials for different agronomic objectives in hemp breeding programs.