Green Competitive Advantage, Moderation Role of Resource Flexibility and Capability Flexibility: The Case of Agricultural Enterprises in Mekong Delta, Vietnam

The objective of the paper is to study the direct impact of green human resource management, business analytics, green exploitative innovation, environmental corporate social responsibility, and green market orientation on green competitive advantage and externally test the mediating impact of green creativity on the relationship between green human resource management and green competitive advantage. Importantly, to examine the moderating impact of both resource flexibility and capability flexibility on the relationship between green exploitative innovation and green competitive advantage. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods are used for this paper. Data were collected from mid-July 2025 to early October 2025 at agricultural enterprises in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to test the hypotheses. This study contributes to the field by validating key hypotheses. The empirical results support most of the proposed hypotheses, effectively addressing several research gaps identified in previous literature. Specifically, the acceptance of Green Human Resource Management, Business Analytics, and Environmental Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has a direct impact on green competitive advantage. Furthermore, the validation of resource flexibility and capability flexibility along with Green exploitative innovation also have a direct impact on green competitive advantage. Conversely, Green Creativity and Green market orientation are rejected. Based on these outcomes, several managerial implications are proposed for developing agricultural enterprises in the Mekong Delta in the future.