Alternative-cum-modern anatomical techniques- the future perspectives of teaching Veterinary Anatomy

The future of teaching veterinary anatomy blends traditional cadaver dissection with modern technological and preservation alternatives. This hybrid model reduces reliance on formalin-fixed specimens, aligns with animal welfare (the 3Rs: Replace, Reduce, Refine), and enhances visuospatial comprehension through digital tools and physical simulation. In many veterinary programs around the world, combinations of computer software-based learning, video demonstrations, virtual reality systems, plastic models, full-body manikins, and plastinated specimens have been used to augment traditional learning methods and substantially reduce and replace the consumptive use of animals (Hart et al. 2005; Martinsen and Jukes 2005; Knight 2007; Smeak 1999; Yushchenko et al. 2012)