Sustainable biopolymers for textile printing: functional materials, processing strategies and future perspectives

Purpose This review aims to explore the potential of biopolymers derived from renewable biological resources as sustainable alternatives to conventional petroleum-based materials in textile printing; highlighting their functional roles and contributions to environmentally friendly manufacturing practices. Design/methodology/approach A comprehensive review of recent literature was conducted to evaluate protein- and polysaccharide-based biopolymers, including keratin, casein, chitosan, starch, cellulose, guar gum and alginate. The study examines their applications as thickeners, binders, colorants and encapsulating agents, alongside recent advances in chemical modification, Nano-structuring and encapsulation technologies in modern textile printing methods such as inkjet and 3D functional printing. Findings Biopolymers demonstrate excellent rheological behavior, printability and dye fixation performance while providing multifunctional properties such as antimicrobial and antioxidant activity and color enhancement. Recent material engineering approaches significantly improve color fastness, mechanical strength and functional printing performance, supporting their suitability for sustainable textile applications. Practical implications The findings highlight practical pathways for adopting biopolymer-based formulations in textile printing processes, contributing to reduced environmental impact and supporting circular economy principles within the textile and coatings industries. Originality/value This review provides an integrative perspective linking molecular design and chemical modification of biopolymers with advanced textile printing technologies. It offers a comprehensive framework connecting material chemistry, sustainability and modern fabrication strategies for next-generation eco-friendly printing systems.