Stabilizer-based verification of QFHE T -gadget state

Quantum fully homomorphic encryption (QFHE) relies on specially prepared gadget states to handle non-Clifford gates, so the correctness of these resource states is essential to the correctness of the overall encrypted computation. In this paper, we study the correctness and verification of QFHE T-gadget-state preparation using the stabilizer formalism. We derive explicit stabilizer generators for the T-gadget state and prove that, for a fixed gadget-state parameter, these generators uniquely characterize the target state up to a global phase. This yields a correctness-equivalence theorem: a prepared gadget state is correct if and only if it satisfies all corresponding stabilizer-generator conditions. Based on this result, we propose a stabilizer-based verification protocol with a cut-and-choose strategy, prove completeness, and establish a batch-level soundness bound based on a worst-case per-gadget detection probability of at least 1/2. Finally, a Qiskit simulation of a toy T-gadget state with an intentionally introduced Pauli error illustrates how a preparation error can be detected through a stabilizer-sign mismatch.

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Publication Details

Journal
International Journal of Modern Physics B
Published
2026-10-28
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1142/s0217979226502991
Primary Topic
Quantum Information and Cryptography
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00

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article

Stabilizer-based verification of QFHE T -gadget state

Shanxiang Lyu, Qiang Zhang, Daipengwei Bao, Xiaoqing Tan et al.
2 links
International Journal of Modern Physics B
Quantum Information and Cryptography
article

Stabilizer-based verification of QFHE T -gadget state

Shanxiang Lyu, Qiang Zhang, Daipengwei Bao, Xiaoqing Tan, Yonghong Zhou
article en

Abstract

Quantum fully homomorphic encryption (QFHE) relies on specially prepared gadget states to handle non-Clifford gates, so the correctness of these resource states is essential to the correctness of the overall encrypted computation. In this paper, we study the correctness and verification of QFHE T-gadget-state preparation using the stabilizer formalism. We derive explicit stabilizer generators for the T-gadget state and prove that, for a fixed gadget-state parameter, these generators uniquely characterize the target state up to a global phase. This yields a correctness-equivalence theorem: a prepared gadget state is correct if and only if it satisfies all corresponding stabilizer-generator conditions. Based on this result, we propose a stabilizer-based verification protocol with a cut-and-choose strategy, prove completeness, and establish a batch-level soundness bound based on a worst-case per-gadget detection probability of at least 1/2. Finally, a Qiskit simulation of a toy T-gadget state with an intentionally introduced Pauli error illustrates how a preparation error can be detected through a stabilizer-sign mismatch.

International Journal of Modern Physics B
Jinan University (CN), Quantum Science Center of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (CN)
National Key Research and Development Program of China
Openalex Percentile: Top 14%
Quantum Information and Cryptography
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Stabilizer-based verification of QFHE T -gadget state — Shanxiang Lyu, Qiang Zhang, et al. · International Journal of Modern Physics B (2026) | TGRS Research Map | TGRS