The Effects of Weather, Distraction, and ADHD Diagnosis on Automated-to-Manual Driving Transitions

As automated vehicles become more prevalent on public roadways, driver responses to critical takeover events require closer attention. This study examined how ADHD diagnosis, rain, and non-driving-related task engagement affect automated-to-manual takeover transitions. Participants completed conditionally automated drives in a simulated freeway environment that varied according to the presence of rain and distraction. Driving performance, takeover response, physiological workload, and post-drive subjective workload were assessed. Findings indicated that rain and distraction affected takeover performance, workload, speed variability, and steering variability. Results also indicated that drivers with ADHD displayed greater speed and steering variability in the presence of rain and distraction. These results suggest that reduced visibility and NDRT engagement can increase the demands of regaining manual control. Overall, the findings indicate that roadway conditions, attentional demands, and individual differences can influence takeover quality. Implications include safer in-vehicle monitoring systems, improved takeover alert systems, and targeted driver training.