Electric Vehicle Scheduling and Carbon-Aware Energy Dispatch for Charging Stations

Electric vehicle (EV) charging stations integrating photovoltaic (PV) generation, battery storage, and bidirectional grid exchange must coordinate access to limited chargers with energy supply while considering both energy cost and carbon emissions. This paper proposes a solver-free greedy heuristic (SFGH) for dynamic vehicle scheduling (VS) and a twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient (TD3) controller for carbon-aware energy dispatch (ED). SFGH assigns EVs according to reductions in service delays, and TD3 controls battery operation to balance energy costs and carbon emissions while meeting the resulting charging demand. The model allows both PV and battery exports, accounting for export revenue and carbon credits. Simulations on year-long case studies show that SFGH--TD3 achieves the lowest accumulated service delay, energy cost, and carbon emissions among the evaluated heuristic and multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (DRL) configurations.