Two-Stage Optimal Dispatch of Mobile Energy Storage Considering the Spatiotemporal Evolution of Sandstorms

To enhance distribution-network resilience under evolving sandstorms, this paper develops a two-stage mobile energy storage (MES) dispatch framework, in which the hazard model combines storm-front movement, wind exposure, and cumulative insulator dust deposition with conditional line-survival probabilities. Stage 1 determines common MES staging locations by minimizing deployment cost and scenario-weighted interruption cost under electrical feasibility constraints. Stage 2 coordinates vehicle movement, electrical connection, charging and discharging, and active/reactive power support as the prescribed line failures develop. The formulation accounts for travel time, stored energy, radial operation, voltage, and converter capacity. Case studies on a modified IEEE 33-bus system show that mobile dispatch after staging reduces total cost by 44.25% relative to fixed staged operation and supplies energy demand of critical-load. Congestion analyses further show that, by coordinating MES mobility and electrical support, the proposed framework meets the full energy demand of critical loads under all tested congestion levels, demonstrating its ability to sustain emergency supply despite travel delays.