三权分置下农地残粮捡拾权的制度建构:从公地悲剧到分布式自治的治理创新 Institutional Construction of Residual Grain Gleaning Rights in Farmland Under the Three-Right Separation System: A Governance Innovation from the Tragedy of the Commons to Distributed Autonomy

作者:郭洋洋Author: Guo YangyangORCID:0009-0006-6669-1790Contact email:[email protected] Type: PreprintSubmission Date: October 27, 2026Version: v1.0 Final Bilingual EditionPreprint DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23687519Open Access License: CC BY 4.0 摘要 | Abstract 随着我国农村土地“三权分置”改革深化与规模化种植的快速推进,机械化收割场景下的跟机拾荒乱象已成为粮食主产区频发的治理痛点与安全隐患。现有治理模式普遍依赖行政禁令与现场管控,存在治理成本高、内生约束弱、易引发主体对立等局限,始终未能跳出“管制—反弹—再管制”的内卷循环。本文基于产权经济学与契约理论,结合农村土地权利结构,提出一套附义务残粮捡拾权的制度设计:以土地流转合同为载体,将原属规模经营主体的残粮收益权,通过租金抵扣的对价方式确权至原承包农户,同时绑定对应地块的作业秩序维护义务;捡拾权可在农户间自发流转,村委会承担备案与纠纷调解职能;经济作物场景下配套市场化回售机制,实现残品价值的规模化变现。研究表明,该制度通过产权界定将“无主残粮”引发的公地悲剧转化为分布式自治秩序,在不突破现行法律框架、不新增行政成本的前提下,可同时实现安全风险压降、治理成本下降、多方主体共赢的目标,为农地规模化经营中的社区冲突治理提供了本土化的制度创新路径。 With the deepening of the "three-right separation" reform of rural land and the rapid advancement of large-scale farming in China, the disorder of gleaning alongside operating combine harvesters has become a frequent governance pain point and safety hazard in major grain-producing areas. Existing governance models generally rely on administrative bans and on-site control, which suffer from high governance costs, weak endogenous constraints, and a tendency to trigger confrontations among stakeholders, and have never broken out of the involution cycle of "control—backlash—re-control". Based on property rights economics and contract theory, combined with the rural land right structure, this paper proposes an institutional design of obligation-attached residual grain gleaning rights: taking land transfer contracts as the carrier, the residual grain usufruct originally belonging to large-scale operators is confirmed to original contractor households through rent deduction as consideration, while binding the obligation of maintaining operation order on corresponding plots; gleaning rights can be spontaneously transferred among farmers, and village committees undertake the functions of filing and dispute mediation; a market-oriented buy-back mechanism is supported for cash crop scenarios to realize large-scale monetization of residual product value. The study shows that through property right definition, this system transforms the tragedy of the commons caused by "unclaimed residual grain" into a distributed autonomous order. Without breaking the current legal framework or increasing additional administrative costs, it can simultaneously achieve the goals of reducing safety risks, lowering governance costs, and achieving win-win results for multiple stakeholders, providing a localized institutional innovation path for community conflict governance in large-scale farmland management. 关键词 | Keywords:农村土地三权分置;残粮捡拾权;公地悲剧;分布式自治;产权界定;乡村治理 three-right separation of rural land; residual grain gleaning right; tragedy of the commons; distributed autonomy; property right definition; rural governance