15-Minute Employment Accessibility of Autonomous-Vehicle Feeders: A Case Study of a Shanghai Pilot Demonstration Zone

The 15‑minute city is often invoked for commuting, while demonstration zones present autonomous‑vehicle (AV) feeder services on open test roads as a last‑mile rail solution. This paper evaluates a Jiading station area in Shanghai, taking the Anting core at Shanghai International Automobile City as the study area and the Baiyin Road–Jiading New Town corridor as a spatial control. Using network travel times and equal‑weighted office and industry points of interest (POIs) as an employment proxy, we measure 15‑minute employment accessibility for walking, walk–transit and AV feeder constrained to open test roads, and use a detour ratio to describe local network constraints. Median walk opportunity is 21 POIs in the Anting core and 37 in the control corridor. Adding rail increases the means by 0.19 and 0.40 POIs, respectively. When in‑vehicle travel is restricted to name‑matched Notice 694 open roads, the mean AV‑feeder gain relative to walk–transit is near zero. Transfer and waiting already consume most of the 15‑minute window. The study provides a unified cumulative‑opportunity framework for station‑area commute evaluation and shows that feeder gains are sensitive to the time threshold.