Evaluating EIA Practice in Tamil Nadu, India: Spatial Risk, Public Participation, and Mitigation Performance

This study evaluated the performance of India’s two-tier Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2006. Four objectives were addressed: (1) mapping cleared industrial projects; (2) examining project impacts and livelihood implications through case studies; (3) assessing mitigation measure implementation; and (4) evaluating process performance in forecasting, public participation, and post-clearance monitoring. We analysed 100 centrally and state-appraised projects using regulatory records, geographic information systems, and public hearing documentation. Findings show projects were spatially clustered, with a high proportion (>65%) located near environmentally and socially sensitive features. While mitigation measures were widely specified in project plans, evidence of actual implementation was heavily limited by incomplete post-clearance documentation and an absence of independent verification. Results indicate the need for three reforms: statutory strategic and regional cumulative impact assessments before land allotment; clearance conditions specifying measurable performance targets; and independent compliance verification paired with more accessible public participation both during the EIA process and in the verification of compliance, particularly in the state-appraised tier.