Urinary tract infections and vesicoureteral reflux in infancy: Distinguishing incidental findings from clinically significant disease

Following urinary tract infections, which are common in infancy, vesicoureteral reflux is frequently diagnosed. The key clinical challenge is determining whether vesicoureteral reflux is clinically significant.Rather than treating all children with vesicoureteral reflux, current clinical practice focuses on identifying those at increased risk of recurrent febrile urinary tract infections, renal injury, and long-term impairment of kidney function, while minimizing unnecessary investigations and treatment.