SMART-AR PAI Prototype: An Augmented Reality-Based Islamic Religious Education Teaching Module

Research on digital education transformation emphasizes the shift toward active, interactive, and personalized learning environments. This study aims to develop and validate the SMART-AR PAI prototype. This innovative hybrid instructional ecosystem integrates printed modules with Android-based Augmented Reality (AR) and adaptive content delivery based on Artificial Intelligence (AI)/Deep Learning for Islamic Religious Education (IRE). By focusing on core Islamic pillars (Rukun Islam), the system bridges abstract/procedural concepts with immersive 3D visualizations, interactive assessments, and dynamic remediation/enrichment pathways. The design aligns with Mindful, Meaningful, and Joyful learning frameworks while reinforcing values of religious moderation. Methodologically, the prototype underwent systematic technical and field evaluations, including black-box and white-box testing; expert validations (IRE, language, multimedia, learning technology); device compatibility testing; usability assessments via the System Usability Scale (SUS) and User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ); and limited field testing. Results confirm exceptional functional stability, high expert validity, broad hardware compatibility, and superior user satisfaction, successfully advancing the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) from level 4 to level 6.