La inteligencia artificial como espada de doble filo: entre la participación aumentada y la manipulación algorítmica

The expansion of artificial intelligence is transforming the conditions of citizen participation and the functioning of contemporary democracies, creating new opportunities for public engagement while posing risks to fundamental rights. This article aims to analyze the dual impact of these technologies on democratic processes from a constitutional law perspective. Using an analytical and doctrinal methodology based on a review of academic literature and a critical and interpretive examination of its constitutional implications, the study explores applications of artificial intelligence in citizen participation, public administration, and electoral processes, as well as the risks associated with disinformation, synthetic content, political microtargeting, and algorithmic surveillance. The findings indicate that artificial intelligence can broaden access to information, support civic education, and improve interactions between citizens and public institutions. However, it can also influence democratic deliberation, deepen political inequalities, and undermine individual autonomy and electoral integrity. The article concludes that these technologies constitute an emerging form of non-coercive algorithmic power that requires regulatory responses aimed at ensuring transparency, human oversight, accountability among relevant actors, and effective protection of fundamental rights.