Dewiacja strukturalna a neuroróżnorodność. Przekraczanie paradygmatu patologii w socjologii dewiacji

This article presents a critical analysis of the evolution of the concept of deviance in the social sciences, advocating for a paradigm shift from a normocentric pathology model toward a framework of structural deviance. By reconstructing the classical approaches of É. Durkheim, F. Znaniecki (the concept of supernormality), and Polish sociology of deviance (J. Kwaśniewski, A. Siemaszko, A. Kojder), the author demonstrates the relational and generative potential of non-normative behavior. Drawing upon labeling theory, M. Foucault’s power-knowledge framework, and the social model of disability, the paper examines how disciplinary institutions (education, the labor market, the legal system) enforce behavioral homogenization and penalize cognitive differences. The proposed category of “structural deviance” offers a nuanced analytical tool, redefining the stigmatization of neurodivergent individuals not as an inherent pathology, but as an outcome of institutional rigidity and systemic misfit. The theoretical discussion is complemented by a methodological framework for relational empirical research in educational settings, grounded in participatory paradigms and universal design principles.