Residential Indoor Environmental Quality in Depok City, Indonesia: An Analysis of Routine Municipal Surveillance Data, 2025

Inadequate residential indoor conditions contribute to heat stress, dampness-related illness, and particulate exposure, yet Depok City’s routine indoor air quality surveillance (Surveilans Kualitas Udara Dalam Ruang, SKUDR) has not been analyzed at the subdistrict scale, where local government plans environmental health action. We conducted a cross-sectional secondary analysis of the 2025 SKUDR compilation, covering 1140 dwellings sampled under a risk-stratified quota of 30 per primary health center (Puskesmas) catchment across 38 catchments in 11 subdistricts. Indoor temperature, relative humidity (RH), air velocity, fine and coarse particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), noise, and illuminance were assessed against municipal thresholds. Median indoor temperature was 30.0 °C (interquartile range [Q1–Q3], 29.0–31.0), with 44.0% of dwellings exceeding 30 °C; median RH was 69.3%, with 80.5% exceeding 60%RH. PM2.5 and PM10 exceeded thresholds in 65.0% and 41.6% of dwellings, and non-compliance reached 47.0% for air velocity, 36.1% for noise, and 28.9% for illuminance. Overall, 97.0% had at least one non-compliant parameter and 76.7% had three or more; because higher-risk areas were over-sampled, these proportions are upper-bound estimates. The combined burden varied almost threefold across subdistricts, from 1.58 parameters per dwelling in Cilodong to 4.55 in Sawangan. Routine surveillance can flag candidate priority subdistricts, pending verification.