Annona muricata phytochemicals as anticancer agents: mechanistic insights from pathway modulation to targeted nano delivery

This narrative review consolidates current data on bioactive compounds of A. muricata and evaluates its potential application as a multitarget anticancer drug. It discusses major phytochemical like acetogenins, alkaloids and flavonoids from A. muricata extracts and their anticancer potential by modulating of oncogenic signalling pathways like PI3K/AKT/mTOR, MAPK/ERK, Wnt/β-catenin, and NF-κB, supported by preclinical and early clinical evidence. Despite promising preclinical findings, the anticancer effects of A. muricata are limited by safety concerns due to the neurotoxicity associated with certain acetogenins. We also discuss how A. muricata-based nanostructures enhances bioavailability and tumour targeting, although further preclinical and clinical studies are needed to evaluate their safety, particularly neurotoxicity. Thus, A. muricata can be considered a good candidate for anticancer therapy, providing that future research will ensure the balance between efficacy and safety. Therefore, preclinical and clinical research is needed to move forward with drug discovery.