Developing an Adaptive Building Approval Policy Implementation Model: Evidence from Bandung Regency, West Java, Indonesia

Despite regulatory reforms, its implementation remains constrained by institutional and governance challenges at the local government level. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Building Approval policy in Bandung Regency, identify the factors influencing its implementation, and develop an adaptive implementation model. A qualitative case study was conducted from 2025 to 2026, involving 21 purposively selected informants representing government agencies, technical experts, and community members. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, observations, and document analysis and analyzed using the interactive model of Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña. The findings reveal that although the policy has been implemented in accordance with Government Regulation No. 16 of 2021, its effectiveness is constrained by institutional capacity, limited technical human resources, fragmented interagency coordination, suboptimal utilization of digital systems, budget constraints, and varying levels of public participation. Based on Grindle's Policy Implementation Theory, this study proposes an Adaptive Building Approval Policy Implementation Model integrating policy content, implementation context, institutional capacity, collaborative governance, digital governance, public participation, and continuous feedback. The model enriches the application of Grindle's framework and provides practical guidance for improving Building Approval governance in Indonesian local governments.