Voices at Risk: Exploring Language Shift and Dialect Drift in the Survival of the Eastern Subanen

The decline of indigenous languages threatens linguistic diversity, cultural identity, and the intergenerational transmission of heritage. This study examined the factors influencing language shift and dialect drift in the survival of the Eastern Subanen dialect in Purok 4, Lampasan, Don Victoriano, Misamis Occidental, Philippines. Employing a qualitative case study design, the research purposively selected 15 participants aged 20–30 years who were of Subanen ancestry, resided in the community, and were no longer fluent in the dialect. Data were collected through in-depth, face-to-face interviews and analyzed thematically to identify recurring patterns related to language use, language contact, and vocabulary change. The findings revealed six prevailing themes: declining use, influence of dominant languages, contact with other groups, frequent use of Cebuano, borrowed words, and the influence of media and education. Participants reported limited opportunities to practice Eastern Subanen in homes, schools, public spaces, and digital environments. The dominance of Cebuano and Filipino in everyday communication contributed to reduced dialect use, while borrowed vocabulary and diminished familiarity with traditional expressions reflected ongoing linguistic change. Despite these challenges, family communication, documentation of indigenous terms, and community interactions emerged as potential practices for language maintenance. The study highlights the interconnected roles of social interaction, educational environments, media exposure, and everyday linguistic practices in shaping indigenous language vitality. It recommends community-based revitalization initiatives that promote intergenerational transmission, strengthen opportunities for regular dialect use, and document traditional vocabulary. These findings provide context-specific insights for supporting Eastern Subanen preservation and informing future research on indigenous language maintenance.