Attack logics, not outputs: Concept-based Property Attacks for Shortcut Elimination in Neural Networks

Deep neural networks (NNs) for computer vision are vulnerable to adversarial attacks, such that minuscule malicious changes to inputs may induce unintuitive outputs. One key approach to verify and mitigate such robustness issues is to falsify expected output behavior, which enables local robustness guarantees and adversarial training. Due to the black-box nature of NNs, current attacks only falsify a class of the final output, such as flipping from $\text{\texttt{stop_sign}}$ to $\neg \text{\texttt{stop_sign}}$. In this work we argue that robustness analysis should focus more generally on logical inconsistencies in concept-level reasoning rather than solely on output misclassification. We formalize this perspective through concept-based properties, i.e., constraints over human-interpretable concepts such as $\text{\texttt{red}} \land \text{\texttt{octogonal}} \implies \text{\texttt{stop_sign}}$ and study the falsification of such properties as a principled form of adversarial attack. Furthermore, an implementation of concept-based properties on already trained NNs is proposed using techniques from concept-based explainable artificial intelligence (C-XAI). For that we formally prove that attacks on concept-based properties are expected to have a reduced search space compared to simple class falsification, whilst arguably be more aligned with intuitive robustness targets. The practical effectiveness of our approach for logically informed adversarial training is shown in an empirical study across multiple models and datasets, including both vision and a security-relevant code processing task. Our results demonstrate that concept-level falsification generalizes classical adversarial attacks: Retraining on our novel attacks maintains robustness gains as compared to classical adversarial retraining whilst better eliminating semantic biases.