Peptide Bioregulators in Space Medicine: A Systematic Analysis of Perspectives Based on Ground‑Based Models

Background: Long‑duration space missions expose crews to multiple stressors (microgravity, radiation, isolation) that cause persistent pathological changes - spaceflight‑associated neuro‑ocular syndrome (SANS), muscle and bone atrophy, and immune dysfunction. Existing countermeasures do not fully eliminate these risks. Objective. To evaluate the potential of peptide bioregulators as a new preventive strategy against these disorders. Methods. Systematic literature review in PubMed, Scopus and the NASA Human Research Roadmap (1990–2025). Results. Preclinical and clinical data show that Peptide bioregulators have tissue‑specific effects on key target organs. They exhibit retinoprotective, osteoprotective, myoprotective, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant activities. This makes them suitable for adjunctive support during spaceflight. Conclusions. Peptide bioregulators can potentially increase crew resistance to spaceflight stressors and could be integrated into medical support systems for future missions. The main limitation is the lack of studies in actual spaceflight. Targeted in‑flight testing is needed.