Sexual Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Among Men in a Tribal Community in Tamil Nadu: A Descriptive Phenomenological Study

Background: Sexual health is strongly influenced by sociocultural beliefs, yet evidence on sexual knowledge, attitudes, and practices among tribal men in India remains limited. This study explored these aspects among men from the Jawadhi Hills, a tribal community in southern India. Methods: A descriptive phenomenological qualitative study was conducted using seven focus group discussions involving 55 men aged 18–60 years, including migrant workers, teachers, and community representatives. Participants were recruited through multistage and purposive maximum variation sampling. Discussions were audio-recorded, transcribed, translated, and analyzed manually using inductive thematic analysis. Results: Mobile phones and social media were the predominant sources of sexual information. Participants demonstrated basic awareness of contraception and sexually transmitted infections but held several misconceptions regarding semen, masturbation, menstruation, fertility, and male contraception. Traditional gender norms, menstrual restrictions, and community sanctions against extramarital relationships strongly influenced attitudes and practices. While digital media had increased access to sexual information, it also appeared to reinforce myths and misinformation. Limited privacy within households and conflicting beliefs about substance use and sexual performance further shaped their sexual behaviors. Conclusions: Sexual knowledge among tribal men reflects a complex interplay of traditional cultural beliefs and expanding digital exposure. Persistent misconceptions and gaps in reproductive health literacy highlight the need for culturally appropriate, community-based sexual health education that addresses local beliefs while promoting evidence-based practices.