Digital Damage in Construction Projects: Toward a Legal Framework for Compensation in BIM Contexts

Abstract Building information modeling (BIM) has transformed project delivery into a collaborative, data-dependent process, but construction law still tends to organize responsibility around discrete documents, bilateral duties, and physical defects. This article defines digital damage as a legally relevant impairment of the integrity, accessibility, reliability, authorship, evidentiary value, interoperability, or security of project information that causes or materially contributes to a recognized loss. Using doctrinal and structured comparative analysis of the United Kingdom, United States, and European Union, the article distinguishes nonactionable technical malfunction from contractual breach, evidentiary impairment, economic loss, intellectual property infringement, cybersecurity incident, and recoverable damage. It applies contractual liability, negligence, misrepresentation, causation, and risk allocation rules to corrupted models, inaccurate model reliance, interoperability degradation, access denial, and shared authorship. The case analysis shows that existing doctrine can protect access, reliance, performance expectations, and contractual risk allocation, but does not itself create a comprehensive BIM compensation regime. The article therefore proposes a differentiated matrix linking each digital incident to its legal characterization, responsible actor, evidence, recoverable loss, contractual provision, insurance response, and dispute mechanism. It concludes that effective compensation requires express model status and reliance clauses, binding information management duties, auditable digital records, proportionate cybersecurity obligations, and specialist dispute and insurance arrangements.