FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF CARBON QUANTUM DOTS: SYNTHESIS, APPLICATIONS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS IN AQUACULTURE

ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS- Carbon quantum dots enable sustainable applications in modern aquaculture- Biomass-derived carbon dots support green synthesis and circular economy- Fluorescent carbon dots enable rapid sensing of pollutants in aquatic systems- Carbon dots support bioimaging, antimicrobial activity, and gene delivery- Toxicity risks highlight the need for safety standards and life cycle assessment ABSTRACTCarbon quantum dots (CQDs) have emerged as promising carbon-based nanomaterials owing to their excellent optical properties, high biocompatibility, and versatile synthesis routes. Recent research trends have shifted from fundamental synthesis and characterization to functional applications in bioimaging, biosensing, biomedical therapy, food safety, and aquaculture. Green synthesis using renewable biomass has become the dominant approach, supporting circular economy concepts while reducing hazardous waste. Numerous studies demonstrate that CQDs can act as sensitive sensors for heavy metals and pollutants, stable probes for cellular and in vivo imaging, antimicrobial agents, and efficient nanocarriers for drug and gene delivery. Despite these advances, toxicological findings reveal that CQDs may induce oxidative stress, developmental abnormalities, and ecological risks in aquatic organisms, particularly at high concentrations or when heteroatom-doped. Moreover, the absence of specific regulations highlights the urgent need for standardized safety protocols and life-cycle assessments. This review outlines the progress, applications, challenges, and regulatory considerations of CQDs, emphasizing their potential role in advancing sustainable biotechnology and modern aquaculture.