The lived experience of intimate partner violence among first-generation latino immigrants in Southern New Mexico

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public health concern that disproportionately affects immigrant populations. First-generation Latino immigrants in the United States experience IPV within complex cultural, relational, and structural contexts that remain underexplored. This study aimed to explore and describe how first-generation Latino immigrants in Southern New Mexico experience and make meaning of IPV and to examine the cultural and relational influences shaping these experiences. A qualitative phenomenological design was used, and reporting followed the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) guidelines. Twenty-four first-generation Latino immigrants were interviewed; two who described observing rather than personally experiencing IPV were excluded, yielding an analytic sample of 22 who participated in in-depth, semi-structured interviews conducted in English or Spanish using a trauma-informed and culturally responsive approach. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and translated where necessary. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis informed by phenomenological principles, supported by Intellectus® Qualitative software and manual coding to ensure rigor and depth. Data saturation was reached during data collection. Six major themes emerged: cultural factors, abuse, culture of silence, control, universal factors, and systemic barriers to legal and support resources. Participants described IPV as shaped by cultural norms, normalization of violence, fear, dependency, and limited access to resources. A pervasive culture of silence, reinforced by stigma, immigration-related fears, and social isolation, constrained help-seeking behaviors. Structural barriers further limited access to legal protections and support systems, exacerbating vulnerability. Findings highlight the need for culturally responsive, multilevel interventions that address the social, cultural, and structural determinants of IPV among Latino immigrant populations. Efforts to improve access to support services and reduce systemic barriers are critical to enhancing safety and positive health outcomes.