Influence of ICT Infrastructure on School Managers' Utilisation of Educational Management Information Systems in Public Senior Schools in Nakuru County, Kenya Senior Schools in Nakuru County, Kenya

This study examined the influence of ICT infrastructure on school managers' utilisation of Education Management Information Systems (EMIS) in public senior schools in Nakuru County, Kenya. Guided by Social Cognitive Theory and the Technology Acceptance Model II (TAM2), the research employed a convergent parallel design. Questionnaires were administered to 62 principals, 152 deputy principals, and 157 class teachers, alongside interviews with principals and county education directors. The overall response rate was 83.99%. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and simple linear regression, while qualitative data underwent thematic analysis. Results showed that ICT infrastructure was a significant predictor of EMIS utilisation among deputy principals ($R^2 = .344$, $F (1, 150) = 78.71$, $p < .001$, Cohen's $f^2 = 0.524$), accounting for 34.4% of the variation in use. Qualitative findings revealed persistent challenges, including unreliable electricity, outdated computers, poor internet connectivity, and infrastructural disparities across schools. The findings indicate that sustained EMIS utilisation depends heavily on adequate technological resources. Consequently, the study recommends targeted investments in under-resourced schools, provision of dependable technical support, and data submission monitoring frameworks that account for existing infrastructural disparities.