Large language models rate human happiness higher than humans do

Feelings are central to wellbeing, but measuring them remains difficult: surveys provide reliable data but are burdensome. LLMs introduce a provocative alternative: acting as proxies that articulate emotions and experiences on behalf of individuals. However, little work has systematically evaluated the validity of such an approach, and this is our contribution. Here, we use longitudinal smartphone data to personalise an LLM (Gemini-2.5-flash-lite) and approximate human responses to an affective survey. Using 17 weeks of multimodal sensing and questionnaires from 83 participants, we evaluate how well an LLM can predict affect across different time ranges, affect types, and individuals. Our findings reveal a systematic positivity bias: the LLM predicts people as happier than they actually report, while downplaying their negative feelings. This work highlights the importance of rigorous evaluation and affective-science grounding when using LLMs to infer human feelings from digital traces.

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Publication Details

Journal
npj Digital Public Health
Published
2026-10-27
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1038/s44482-026-00049-z
Primary Topic
Emotion and Mood Recognition
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00

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article

Large language models rate human happiness higher than humans do

Simon D’Alfonso, Vassilis Kostakos, Jorge Gonçalves, Peter Koval et al.
4 links
npj Digital Public Health
Emotion and Mood Recognition
article

Large language models rate human happiness higher than humans do

Simon D’Alfonso, Vassilis Kostakos, Jorge Gonçalves, Peter Koval, Songyan Teng, Tianyi Zhang, Shiquan Zhang, Lina Christin Brockmeier, Le Fang, Runqiu Fei, Ying Ma, Hong Jia
article en

Abstract

Feelings are central to wellbeing, but measuring them remains difficult: surveys provide reliable data but are burdensome. LLMs introduce a provocative alternative: acting as proxies that articulate emotions and experiences on behalf of individuals. However, little work has systematically evaluated the validity of such an approach, and this is our contribution. Here, we use longitudinal smartphone data to personalise an LLM (Gemini-2.5-flash-lite) and approximate human responses to an affective survey. Using 17 weeks of multimodal sensing and questionnaires from 83 participants, we evaluate how well an LLM can predict affect across different time ranges, affect types, and individuals. Our findings reveal a systematic positivity bias: the LLM predicts people as happier than they actually report, while downplaying their negative feelings. This work highlights the importance of rigorous evaluation and affective-science grounding when using LLMs to infer human feelings from digital traces.

npj Digital Public HealthVol. 1(1)
University of Auckland (NZ), The University of Melbourne (AU), Freie Universität Berlin (DE)
Norges Forskningsråd
Good health and well-being
Openalex Percentile: Top 8%
Emotion and Mood Recognition
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Large language models rate human happiness higher than humans do — Simon D’Alfonso, Vassilis Kostakos, et al. · npj Digital Public Health (2026) | TGRS Research Map | TGRS