Pine needles as an indicator of the spatial distribution of trace elements in an urban-industrial area

Biomonitoring using needles, in particular two-year-old needles of the Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.), is a recognised method for assessing the intensity of atmospheric deposition of trace elements in urban and industrial environments. The aim of this study was to characterise the spatial variation in pollution levels in Starachowice (SE Poland) by analysing the accumulation of ten trace elements in the needles. The study material was collected from a representative network of sampling sites covering zones with varying levels of anthropogenic pressure, including areas affected by industrial and transport emissions, as well as reference zones. Measurements were performed using a high-resolution spectrometric technique suitable for the analysed metals (ICP-MS/TOF), and the concentrations obtained were subjected to statistical analysis, including principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed significant variation in element accumulation, clearly indicating increased metal deposition in areas with intensive industrial activity, heavy road traffic, as well as in municipal and residential areas. Concentrations in peripheral zones were close to the reference levels, confirming the local nature of emission sources. These studies support the usefulness of Pinus sylvestris needles as a bioindicator of trace element deposition and may form the basis for delimiting zones with varying levels of anthropogenic pressure and potential impacts on environment. Furthermore, this research is significant from the perspective of implementing the principles of sustainable development (Goal 11 – sustainable cities and communities).