PAINLESS POKES: MICRONEEDLES FOR DRUG DELIVERY

Microneedle (MN) technology represents a transformative approach in pharmaceutical science, offering a minimally invasive, pain-free method for transdermal drug delivery that bypasses the formidable stratum corneum barrier.This review provides a detailed overview of the various types of microneedlesvizng solid, coated, hollow, dissolving, and hydrogel-forming systems-and the diverse materials (polymers, silicon, metals) used in their construction.Key fabrication techniques, such as micromolding, laser ablation, and 3D printing, are discussed in the context of their impact on MN performance and scalability.Furthermore, the rigorous development and evaluation processes are highlighted, encompassing physical and mechanical characterization (e.g., morphology, insertion efficiency), in vitro and ex vivo permeation studies, and in vivo assessment of pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy.The article highlights expanding pharmaceutical applications of MNs, particularly in vaccination, diabetes management, oncology, and cosmetics, their potential to revolutionize patient care by improving therapeutic compliance and bioavailability.Despite ongoing challenges in standardization and clinical translation, continued advancements are poised to establish microneedles as a mainstream drug delivery platform.