Effects of coffee consumption on the prevention and management of diabetic complications: a comprehensive scientific review

Coffee consumption has garnered significant attention in recent years due to its potential impact on the complications associated with diabetes mellitus. This comprehensive review synthesizes the current scientific literature examining the effects of coffee consumption. We have focused on the major bioactive compounds of coffee, i.e. caffeine and chlorogenic acid, and their effects on glycemic control, insulin resistance, and diabetic complications, including cardiovascular diseases, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. While studies on the effects of caffeine on insulin sensitivity present mixed results, long-term trials indicate potential improvements in insulin sensitivity, oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers, albeit with contradictory results. Chlorogenic acid, on the other hand, demonstrates promising hypoglycemic effects and potential benefits in aiding glycemic control due to its antioxidant capacity. Regarding diabetic complications, moderate coffee consumption shows an association with a reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases; however, evidence regarding its impact on retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and hepatopathy remains inconclusive, with very few experimental and epidemiologic studies specifically designed to assess these conditions. Nonetheless, further research is needed to elucidate the complex interplay between coffee components and diabetic complications to guide future management strategies effectively.