Solar Electric Vehicle Charging Stations with Vehicle-to-Grid: A Stagnation-Switched Grey Wolf–Whale Hybrid Benchmark

Co-locating photovoltaic (PV) generation and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capability with electric vehicle charging stations can offset the network impact of charging. A 24 h planning model on the IEEE 33-bus feeder selects up to three of six candidate buses and sizes each station’s charging, PV and V2G capacity. A hybrid of the grey wolf optimizer (GWO) and the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) that switches to GWO updates when the search stagnates is benchmarked against particle swarm optimization (PSO), GWO, WOA and two random-switching hybrids under equal budgets and common seeds. The best plan places stations at buses 18, 22 and 30 and reduces daily losses by 17.5% and voltage deviation by 26.6% at a 0.8% higher annual cost. These gains are due to the 3 MW of PV, and charging alone would raise losses by 14.8%. Over 1000 random days, loss reduction persists, but the minimum voltage falls below 0.90 p.u. on 8.9% of the days (base feeder: 1.3%). The proposed hybrid outperforms WOA (p=0.003). Against GWO, PSO and two random-switching hybrids, neither a significant difference nor equivalence was established, and the point estimates favor the baselines.