EARLY MEDICATION DISCOVERY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY

Without some understanding of the history of drug discovery, the different players involved, and the circumstances leading to the creation and introduction of novel medicinal agents, studies in the fields of forensic pharmacology and toxicology would be incomplete. Herbs, plants, roots, vines, and fungi were among the natural sources of the first pharmaceuticals. Up until the middle of the nineteenth century, the only remedies for human misery were those found in nature. Chloral hydrate, the first synthetic medication, was created in 1869 and first used as a sedative-hypnotic; certain nations still sell it today. The early pharmaceutical firms were spin-offs of the textile and synthetic dye industries, and they needed another rich source of organic compounds that came from the distillation of coal (coal-tar). The first analgesics and antipyretics, such as acetanilide and phenacetin, were straightforward chemical derivatives of p-nitrophenol and aniline, both of which were coal-tar byproducts. For generations, a variety of fevers and inflammations have been treated with an extract made from the bark of the white willow tree. White willow's main ingredient, salicin or salicylic acid, tasted bitter and irritated the stomach mucosa; however, a straightforward chemical change made it far more pleasant. This was the first blockbuster medication, acetylsalicylic acid, or Aspirin. The first member of the barbiturate family of medications entered the pharmacopoeia at the beginning of the twentieth century, and the rest, as they say, is history.