Toxicity profile of Jatropha gossypiifolia Linn in zebra fish

A careful assessment of the safety profiles of medicinal plants is necessary due to their growing use, especially for species that have known hazardous and bioactive components. Because of its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and purgative qualities, Jatropha gossypifolia Linn. is frequently used in traditional medicine; however, its safe therapeutic application has been restricted due to toxicity concerns. With an emphasis on aquatic models and the growing significance of the zebrafish (Danio rerio), this work offers a comprehensive review and qualitative meta-analysis of the toxicity profile of Jatropha gossypifolia. Following PRISMA principles, a thorough literature search was carried out across many major databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. Included were studies assessing aquatic toxicity, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and phytochemical toxicity. The results show that alkaloids, flavonoids, latex-derived chemicals, and diterpenoids like phorbol esters are the main causes of toxicity. Fish and invertebrate models used in experiments show dose-dependent toxicity, which manifests as aberrant behaviour, physiological stress, and mortality. A meta-analysis of LC50 values showed moderate toxicity levels that varied significantly based on the type of extract, the portion of the plant, and the length of exposure. In comparison to other plant components, methanolic root extracts and latex showed greater toxicity. Cytotoxic and genotoxic investigations further validated DNA damage, chromosomal abnormalities, and decreased cell viability. The necessity for consistent procedures was highlighted by the moderate variation found in forest plot analysis among studies. There is a significant research deficit in zebrafish-specific toxicity studies, despite a wealth of data from aquatic and mammalian models. Future studies should concentrate on developmental toxicity, molecular causes, and dose-response interactions given the sensitivity and translational significance of zebrafish. All things considered, this work highlights the significance of a thorough toxicological assessment of Jatropha gossypifolia and stresses the necessity of zebrafish-based research to guarantee safe pharmaceutical use.