Pola Jam Pasir Distribusi Kewenangan Pemerintah Pusat dan Pemerintah Daerah atas Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Biomassa Berbasis Limbah Kelapa Sawit

Indonesia’s palm oil waste could generate 12,654 megawatts of electricity, yet national bioenergy capacity reached only 3,148 megawatts by December 2025. Previous studies examined tariffs, technology, and investment barriers, but few mapped how authority over biomass power plants is distributed among the central, provincial, and regency or city governments throughout the project cycle. This study aims to analyse the legal regulation of that authority, identify its juridical problems, and formulate a direction for restructuring it. It uses normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, supported by interviews with the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources and a renewable energy practitioner, analysed through authority theory, development law theory, and economic analysis of law. The results show a three-tier allocation: the central government controls planning, pricing, and power purchase; provinces hold licensing within a single province and the management of biomass supply; and regencies and cities retain residual yet decisive authority over spatial planning, the environment, and plantations. Together these form an hourglass pattern that is narrowest and weakest at feedstock supply and siting. The novelty of this study lies in the hourglass model and in a proposal for polycentric functional allocation with a binding upstream-downstream coordination mechanism.