Living in a World with Plastics: A Chemistry-Informed Perspective

Abstract Plastic debris accumulation in natural ecosystems is a major environmental challenge. Yet production continues to grow because plastics often deliver lower life-cycle impacts than available alternatives. Due to severe material- and application-specific constraints, neither mechanical nor chemical recycling can presently be deployed at sufficient scale to prevent substantial environmental leakage. Because this gap partly reflects structural characteristics of post-consumer waste streams rather than insufficient recycling capacity alone, we describe it as a structural recycling deficit, implying that residual plastic fractions lacking scalable circular pathways are likely to remain a persistent issue during the transition toward greater circularity. At the same time, the ongoing decarbonization of energy systems is altering the environmental weighting of waste management options, warranting renewed evaluation of tightly regulated waste-to-energy as a constrained residual management option when the realistic alternatives include poorly managed disposal, landfilling, open burning, or environmental leakage. We argue that reducing plastic leakage in the near term and retaining polymer-derived carbon in the long term are not competing objectives, but complementary priorities within a staged transition toward a circular carbon economy. Achieving this transition will require coordinated advances in polymer design, collection and sorting, selective catalysis, low-carbon energy, life-cycle assessment, value-chain cooperation, policy, and systems engineering.