Biomonitoring: Inferences about Particulate Matter on Tillandsia Leaf Surfaces

Objective: This study investigates the morphology and elemental composition of particles deposited on Tillandsia usneoides leaves, focusing on trace element identification and potential interference from foliar fertilizer in air pollution biomonitoring Theoretical Framework: Plant-based biomonitoring is a cost-effective alternative for assessing atmospheric pollution, particularly in remote areas with limited access to conventional monitoring systems. Understanding particle deposition and potential interferences is essential to improving its reliability. Method: Leaf samples were evaluated under six different conditions. Particle morphology and elemental composition were analyzed using SEM-EDS, while trace elements and foliar fertilizer were characterized using INAA and ICP-OES, respectively. PM2.5 concentrations were also monitored using low-cost sensors. Results and Discussion: Elemental analysis enabled the identification of probable particle sources. Phosphorus (P), potassium (K), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) were detected in samples exposed for 20 days, suggesting potential interference from foliar fertilizer. Soil resuspension and atmospheric deposition were also identified as probable sources. The average PM2.5 concentration was 6.2 mg/m³ monitored by low-cost sensors. Research Implications: The results indicate that foliar fertilizer can significantly interfere with biomonitoring results and should be considered when interpreting elemental data. Originality/Value: This preliminary study highlights fertilizer interference in plant-based biomonitoring and emphasizes the need for more precise sampling and analytical procedures.