On the Fallacy of Cosmological Expansion: Gravitational Infall Dynamics, Angular Momentum Conservation, and the Elimination of the Dark Sector

The standard cosmological model (ΛCDM) relies on two unobserved components—Dark Energy (~68%) and Cold Dark Matter (~27%)— to reconcile metric expansion equations with observational anomalies. By applying Occam’s razor, this paper shows that the expanding balloon paradigm is an interpretive artifact. The cosmological redshift and apparent late-time acceleration are the direct kinematic consequence of radial free fall within a macroscopic gravitational potential gradient. When multiple bodies fall toward a common gravitational attractor from differing initial elevations, differential acceleration naturally induces mutual longitudinal separation (redshift) entirely fueled by gravitational potential energy, strictly preserving energy conservation without invoking dark energy. Simultaneously, the flat rotation curves of spiral galaxies are explained without non-baryonic dark matter halos: an open galactic disk undergoing free fall through a convergent gravitational gradient experiences tidal radial compression. By the conservation of angular momentum (the figure skater effect), this inward radial contraction forces outer stars to accelerate tangentially. Furthermore, this dynamic infall framework inherently resolves the Hubble tension, the bulk flow cosmic dipole, and the anomalously massive early galaxies recently observed by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).