A bibliometric analysis and systematic review of microplastic pollution in Ethiopia

Abstract Microplastic pollution has emerged as a major environmental, human health, and socioeconomic concern worldwide, yet knowledge of its occurrence, impact, and research development in Ethiopia remains fragmented. This review bibliometrically analyzed and systematically synthesized peer-reviewed studies published from 2020 to May 2026 to evaluate research trends, spatial distribution, methodological variations, potential sources and pathways, exposure, impacts, and regulatory frameworks related to microplastics across different environmental compartments in Ethiopia. The reviewed studies comprised 77.77% on freshwater systems, 11.11% on drinking water systems, and 11.11% on urban drainage systems. Despite increasing scientific attention, the spatial distribution of the studies was concentrated in the freshwater environment, with limited regional state coverage. Sediment and surface water were the predominantly studied environmental matrices, with two studies on biota (fish only) samples. Even though research on biota samples is limited, these studies demonstrated that microplastic particles were detected in 35 to 61.7% of fish samples, which is an important indicator of the environmental and ecological risks that can directly influence socioeconomic and human health. These studies showed that fragments and fibres with transparent color were dominant microplastic shapes across different environments and environmental matrices. Polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, and polypropylene were frequently identified polymers. The reported microplastic concentrations were inconsistent among studies, reflecting methodological differences and reporting units, which limits comparative cross-study analysis. Despite growing microplastic occurrence in aquatic environments and inhabited aquatic organisms, the country currently lacks dedicated regulatory frameworks addressing microplastic pollution and impacts. This review identifies the need for harmonised analytical methodologies and establishes regulatory frameworks to support effective management and mitigation of microplastic pollution and prevent human health problems. Therefore, this study provides a comprehensive baseline understanding of microplastic pollution and guidance to improve its governance, thereby mitigating plastic pollution and supporting sustainable environmental management.