Proximity in 15-Minute Living-Circle Planning: Mapping Service Redundancy and Critical Access Elements in Wuhan, China

Proximity-based planning often assumes that geographically nearby facilities provide adequate neighborhood service, yet effective access also depends on pedestrian-network constraints, reachable alternatives, and the facilities and routes on which communities rely. This study develops an online map service (OMS)-enabled framework to support resilient 15 min living-circle planning by jointly assessing service redundancy, community vulnerability, facility dependence, population exposure, and high-route-point-concentration road segments. Using Wuhan, China, we integrate Gaode (AMap) points/areas of interest, OMS-derived walking times and route geometries, population estimates, building footprints, and an OpenStreetMap road network. Communities with no more than two reachable hospitals, pharmacies, or retail facilities within 15 min are identified as low-redundancy origins; facilities serving as the only or one of two reachable options for low-redundancy origins are operationally designated as critical facilities for screening purposes; and road segments repeatedly represented in the retained walking-route datasets are identified through route-point-to-road spatial association. Vulnerability clusters in peri-urban, lake- and river-fragmented areas, while Euclidean proximity substantially overstates service sufficiency, particularly for pharmacies and retail. Critical facilities combine local dependence under low substitutability with unequal population exposure, and high-route-point-concentration segments reveal potential corridor reliance within the retained walking-route datasets. The framework translates accessibility analysis into planning priorities for service supplementation and pedestrian-network improvement in barrier-constrained urban areas.