Analysis of Methods Employed Globally to Assess Cultural Ecosystem Services in Urban Parks

Objective: This study aims to critically analyze the methods employed globally to assess Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) in urban parks, identifying the approaches, instruments, strengths, limitations, and services most frequently evaluated. Theoretical Framework: The study is grounded in the understanding of CES as non-material benefits arising from interactions between society and ecosystems, considering the classifications proposed by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA). Method: A qualitative Systematic Literature Review was conducted using the Scopus and Web of Science databases, covering publications from 2015 to 2025. The review protocol was structured according to the PICO framework and managed using the Parsifal platform, resulting in a final portfolio of 25 studies subjected to descriptive and comparative qualitative analysis. Results and Discussion: Non-monetary cultural assessment approaches predominated, particularly those based on social media data, questionnaires, interviews, and PPGIS. Recreation and leisure were identified in 23 of the 25 studies, followed by aesthetic values in 20 and social relationships in 16. The findings also revealed methodological heterogeneity and a geographical concentration of research. Research Implications: The findings support the selection and integration of CES assessment methods, contributing to their incorporation into urban planning and the sustainable management of urban parks. Originality/Value: This study systematizes international methodological trends, their limitations, and research gaps, supporting the development of more consistent, integrated, and comparable protocols for CES assessment.