Perdagangan Karbon dalam Perspektif Hukum Perikatan: Keabsahan Kontrak, Penyerahan Unit Karbon, dan Risiko Perubahan Regulasi

The development of carbon trading in Indonesia raises legal issues concerning the status of carbon units as objects of contractual obligations, the validity and performance of contracts, and the liability of contracting parties in response to regulatory changes. These issues have become increasingly relevant following the enactment of Presidential Regulation No. 110 of 2025 and Financial Services Authority Regulation No. 10 of 2026, which affect the regulatory framework for carbon trading and the recording of carbon units in the Carbon Unit Registry System (Sistem Registri Unit Karbon—SRUK). This study aims to examine the legal status of carbon units as objects of contractual obligations, the validity and performance of carbon unit sale and purchase agreements, and the legal construction of liability for breach of contract and the relevance of force majeure in the context of regulatory changes. The study employs normative legal research using statutory and conceptual approaches. Legal materials are analyzed qualitatively through legal interpretation and prescriptive legal reasoning. The findings indicate that carbon trading contracts may, in principle, be valid provided that they satisfy the requirements under Article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code and applicable sector-specific regulations. Carbon units may be legally construed as intangible rights with distinctive characteristics, while SRUK recording supports transaction traceability and regulatory compliance but does not, by itself, resolve every issue concerning the transfer of rights. Furthermore, regulatory changes do not automatically invalidate contracts or release parties from liability for breach of contract. Their legal consequences must be assessed in light of transitional provisions, their concrete impact on contractual performance, and the risk-allocation clauses agreed upon by the parties. This study highlights the need for contracts to clearly regulate carbon unit specifications, delivery and registration mechanisms, the allocation of regulatory-change risks, and remedies for non-performance.