Unified Calculation of Perihelion Precession of Solar System Bodies Based on the R/G (R-string–G-string) Gradient Mechanism — An Endogenous Explanation by CST (Chen's Superstring Theory) of Mercury's 43 Arcseconds and the Precession of the Eight Plan

Abstract Within the framework of CST (Chen’s Superstring Theory), this paper presents a unified formula for calculating the perihelion precession of solar system bodies. CST writes the force acting on a planet’s orbit in a form in which the G-string attraction term and the R-string repulsion term coexist. Using Mercury’s 43 arcseconds per century, the solar R/G structural parameter R_g☉/C_G☉ is calibrated once, after which predicted calculations are performed for nine bodies: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. The results show that, under the same set of parameters, the precession values of the eight planets are consistent with those of Einstein’s general relativity and with observations; Pluto’s solar R/G gradient term is extremely small, and its observed precession mainly comes from many-body R/G coupling with Neptune, which the CST framework can naturally accommodate. This paper distinguishes two levels: the “solar R/G gradient single-body force” and the “many-body R/G coupling perturbation.” It also presents the ontological difference and the potential for deviation between CST and Einstein’s general relativity on the precession problem.