Wearable Foam Hydrogel Chemiluminescence Sensor for Multiplexed Sweat Analysis

Abstract Integrating enzyme-nanozyme cascades into a wearable device for multiplex detection remains challenging. In this study, we present a wearable chemiluminescence (CL) sensor for glucose, lactate, and uric acid detection by using a foam hydrogel-immobilized cascade platform. The developed platform is depending on a polydopamine-engineered cobalt hydroxide nanozyme (CoNZ@PDA) generating multiple reactive oxygen species (•OH, O2•−, and 1O2) to synergistically amplify the luminol-H2O2 CL signal. While the porous foam hydrogel allows for the co-immobilization of natural oxidases, luminol, and CoNZ@PDA, thereby forming a comprehensive flexible sensing chip. By simply substituting the immobilized oxidase (GOx, LOx, or UOx), the sensor achieves sensitive detection of glucose, lactate, and uric acid in artificial sweat, with detection limits of 33.33 μM, 1 mM, and 6.67 μM, respectively. Furthermore, the wearable sensor is successfully employed for sweat analysis during moderate-intensity exercise in human volunteers, demonstrating excellent correlation with commercial ELISA kits across various body regions (head, neck, and arm). Therefore, this work addresses the limitations of free cascade systems, providing a straightforward and robust strategy for wearable point-of-care testing of multiple sweat biomarkers.