The black hole--galaxy correlations of the 12,μm local active galactic nucleus sample: A NuSTAR perspective
The M--sigma correlation of inactive galaxies plays a crucial role in the estimation of the black hole mass ( in active galactic nuclei (AGNs). This correlation is used to calibrate the reverberation mapping (RM) method, which forms the basis of the single epoch method, the most-used technique to determine of broad-line AGNs. Furthermore, in narrow-line AGNs, the is often directly inferred from the M--sigma correlation. The main goal of this work was to test whether the M--sigma relation calibrated from inactive galaxies can be reliably applied to a local AGN population spanning Seyfert 1, Seyfert 2, and hidden broad-line region galaxies, and whether the resulting AGN relation has sufficient predictive power to be used as an indirect estimator. To this end, we used the 12,μm AGN sample, a local representative and largely unbiased sample. Since a substantial fraction of this sample has good quality νstar data, we estimated the of the sample with the X-ray scaling method, which works for any AGN accreting at a moderate or high level. The correlation of the 12,μm AGN sample is different from the one obtained with inactive galaxies, and it has a substantial scatter. Therefore, its predictive power for estimates is fairly limited. The correlation based on the 12,μm AGN sample is consistent with the analogous correlation obtained from a large sample of nearby type 1 AGNs but inconsistent with that of inactive galaxies. Finally, we found suggestive evidence that Seyfert 1 and hidden broad-line region galaxies have similar and systematically higher Eddington ratios than Seyfert 2 galaxies.
Authors
- Luigi Spinoglio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8840-1551)
- J. A. Fernández-Ontiveros (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9490-899X)
- Shobita Satyapal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2277-2354)
- M. Gliozzi
- M. A. Malkan
- M. Young. A. D. Oxley
- J. K. Williams
- Alexandra D. Oxley
Publication Details
- Journal
- Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Published
- 2026-11-02
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202661394
- Primary Topic
- Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- California Institute of Technology
- Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades
- European Commission
- European Regional Development Fund
- Agencia Estatal de Investigación
- NextGenerationEU