The role of cadherins and catenins in endometrial function and embryo implantation: A comprehensive review

Cadherins and catenins are essential transmembrane proteins and cytoplasmic binding partners that mediate cell–cell adhesion, intracellular signaling, and the maintenance of tissue architecture. Their coordinated functions are central to endometrial biology and embryo implantation, a process that requires complex cell–cell interactions and tissue remodeling for pregnancy to be established. In this review, we summarize current evidence on the molecular mechanisms through which cadherins and catenins regulate endometrial receptivity and support embryo attachment to maternal tissue. We also discuss how advances in molecular biology and reproductive medicine have clarified the roles of cadherin–catenin complexes in cell adhesion, intracellular signaling, including Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and the regulation of trophoblast invasion. In addition, we examine the potential clinical relevance of dysfunction in these complexes, which has been associated with implantation failure and infertility. A clearer understanding of cadherin–catenin function in the endometrium may support the development of diagnostic tools and therapeutic targets for infertility.