Neuroprotective and memory-enhancing potential of Rosa moschata leaf extract in a sodium arsenate-induced cognitive impairment rat model

Objective: To evaluate the neuroprotective effects of Rosa moschata leaf extract against sodium arsenate-induced cognitive impairment in rats. Methods: Memory impairment was induced with oral sodium arsenate (10 mg/kg) in rats. Rosa moschata leaf extract was administered orally at 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg for three weeks. Behavioral tests, measurement of oxidative stress parameters and neurotransmitter levels, histopathological assessment, and real-time PCR were performed. Results: Rosa moschata leaf extract dose-dependently increased antioxidant enzyme activities and reduced malondialdehyde levels in rats with sodium arsenate-induced cognitive impairment compared with untreated controls. It also inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity, and enhanced dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline levels. Rosa moschata leaf extract significantly improved behavioral parameters in open field test, Y-maze test, Morris water maze test, and elevated plus maze test in a dose-dependent manner. Quantitative PCR demonstrated reduced α-synuclein expression and downregulation of neuroinflammatory mediators after treatment. Conclusions: Rosa moschata leaf extract exhibits marked neuroprotective effects against sodium arsenate-induced cognitive impairment. These findings support its potential as a promising therapeutic candidate for managing memory impairment and related neurodegenerative disorders.