Advances in molecular recognition for tuberculosis diagnostics

Abstract Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the world’s deadliest infectious diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Recent advancements in molecular recognition technologies have facilitated innovation in TB diagnostics. This review focuses on major biomolecules relevant to TB diagnosis, including pathogen-derived biomolecules (nucleic acids, bacterial cells, proteins, and lipids) and host-response biomarkers (cytokines). Additionally, we provide a systematic overview of three categories of molecular recognition techniques for detecting these biomolecules: genomic recognition technology, protein and lipid molecular recognition technology, and functional nucleic acid-based molecular recognition technology. Furthermore, we review how these technologies enhance the sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency of TB diagnosis. Finally, we discuss current challenges and future directions in the field, offering insights for improving early TB detection, monitoring drug resistance, and optimizing personalized treatment strategies.