The Fate of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Municipal Solid Waste Incineration: Atmospheric Emissions from a Waste-to-Energy Plant

Abstract The atmospheric fate of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) represents a very recent field of research. While ISO and CEN standards are yet under development, PFAS have been identified during the past years in atmospheric emissions, ambient air, and deposition. As high-quality field data are currently scarce, the objectives of this study were to (i) characterize atmospheric PFAS emissions of a state-of-the-art waste-to-energy (WtE) plant under representative operational conditions and (ii) evaluate the emission impact in ambient air in the vicinity of the plant. Results suggest a contribution from the WtE plant at the nearest ambient monitoring location, 450 m downwind of the plant, with a measurable contribution and distinct PFAS fingerprint closely matching the emission profiles independently characterized at two grate incinerator lines. Quantified PFAS emissions do not exceed the temporary assessment framework for ambient air in Flanders. Furthermore, optimization of the activated carbon (AC) dosage achieved a 95% reduction in emissions at line 1, with subsequent emission levels approaching those of field blanks. The waste treatment sector represents a critical frontier of environmental management. Building experimental evidence of potential PFAS releases will be key to ensure comprehensive strategies for responsible PFAS management in the years ahead.