An Exploration of Research Hotspots and Trends in International Multi-modal Language Assessment: A Visual Analysis Based on CiteSpace

Multimodal language assessment is an emerging direction in language assessment, yet exist-ing reviews focus mainly on pedagogical dimensions, leaving systematic reviews of assess-ment largely unexplored. Based on 283 screened Web of Science papers (2022–2026), this study uses CiteSpace keyword clustering and burst analysis, along with publication trend statistics, to examine the research landscape, thematic structure, and hotspots evolution. Findings show that no stable core author group has emerged, collaborative networks remain loose, and interdisciplinary dialogue is still nascent. Thematically, research clusters into three areas: “Research on Multimodal Input, Cognitive Processing, and Language Acquisition,” “Research on Multimodal Output, Interactive Competence, and Identity Construction,” and “Research on Multimodal Assessment and Clinical Language.” Hotspots evolution has moved through three phases: fundamental exploration and theoretical expansion - framework construction and empirical application - technology-driven and in-depth analysis. Future research should conduct close readings of high-burst, high-centrality publications and employ qualitative methods (e.g., interviews, think-aloud protocols) to link macro patterns with micro mechanisms.